Environmental Causes

Air Pollution

Ambient Air Pollution and Risk of Birth Defects in Southern California

Vitamins [including Folic Acid]

Folic acid supplements and risk of facial clefts: Norwegian Study

Reduction in orofacial clefts following folic acid fortification of the U.S. grain supply

NIH – Moderate doses of vitamin A do not pose risk of birth defects.

Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake

 

Hazardous Waste

Birth Defects & Hazardous Waste Sites – US Study

 

Corticosteroids

Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids

:prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.

Maternal corticosteroid use and risk of selected congenital anomalies

 

Asthma Inhalers

Inhaled Steroids Not Linked to Congenital Malformations

 

Antiepileptic Drugs

Epilepsy drugs may raise birth defect risk

Long term health and neurodevelopment in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs before birth

 

Stress (pre-birth)

Major Stressful Life Events & Birth Defects

 

Alcohol and Smoking

Alcohol consumption during early pregnancy may increase risk for cleft lip or palate

Tobacco and alcohol use during pregnancy and risk of oral clefts.

Maternal alcohol use and risk of orofacial cleft birth defects

Significant link found between babies born with cleft lip or palate and mother’s smoking during pregnancy.

Orofacial clefts, parental cigarette smoking, and transforming growth factor-alpha gene variants


Print pagePDF page

Comments are closed